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A gnomon is the part of a sundial that casts a shadow
Word of the week: From the Ancient Greek, γνώμων (gnṓmōn)this pointed noun literally means one that knows or examines, but it is specifically the part of a sundial that casts a shadow as well as referring to other mathematical terms
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Loweswater in the Cumbrian Lake District
Word of the week: A poetic word taken from the Latin lacus and French or Italan lacustre, this shimmering liquid of an adjective means relating to, formed in, living in, or growing in lakes, lake-like or positioned by a lake
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Illustration from Rabelais’s Gargantua and Pantagruel by Gustave Doré
Word of the week: Huge, gigantic, enormous, voracious or insatiable, this colourful adjective derives from the character in the pioneering 16th-century French prose writer François Rabelais’s multiple volume work, Gargantua and Pantagruel
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Meadowlark at first light
Word of the week: An evocative, poetic French word adopted into English language in the 17th century meaning a song or poem set, or performed, at dawn or evoking daybreak, most often about lovers separating – and the flipside of a serenade
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A selection of daxophone tongues
Word of the week: A uniquely versatile friction idiophone instrument that produces sound through the vibration of wooden slats played by finger touch and bow, producing an extraordinary range of animal and vocal-style noises, its name derived from the German word Dachs, meaning badger
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Romanian nai virtuoso Gheorghe Zamfir
Word of the week: This Romanian 17th-century panpipe is a mainstay of traditional folk and classical music, wide in range and resonant, it is made up of at least 20 pipes made of bamboo or reed in the diatonic scale of C or G, and emits a clean, distinctive sound
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Dance craze: depiction of the first quadrille in England at Almack’s in 1816
Word of the week: A sprightly, sociable18th- and 19th-century dance form that sprung from folk contredanses, it comprises four couples in rectangular formation and was all the range in polite society in the Victorian age in Europe and colonies, and is linked to American square dancing
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A terpidion’s interior workings with rolling cylinder and leather-covered hammers create sound via friction
Word of the week: The terpodion, also known as uranion, is an extremely rare 19th-century keyboard instrument that, when keys are pressed, creates sound via friction against a rotating coated wooden cylinder
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An eight-string huapanguera with three pairs of doubled up notes
Word of the week: This guitar variant eight-stringed instrument of the Huasteca region of Mexico offers a deeper sound than its more conventional acoustic cousin, often played within a conjunto huasteco ensemble, alongside a five-string jarana huasteca and violin
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The ikh khuur (centre)
Word of the week: This distinctive looking trapezoid-shaped sound box instrument is the two- or three-stringed Mongolian bowed double bass, complete with a ornately carved horse head neck, and related to the better known fiddle equivalent and Mongolia’s national instrument, the morin huur
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Persian kamanchehs dated around 1880
Word of the week: Most commonly tuned like the violin (G, D, A, E) though with variants, though with its own distinct sound this Persian bowed string instrument used in Persian, Azerbaijani, Armenian, and Kurdish music, has a long neck and a spherical body
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Just three cornettos … the largest of which is the curvy s-shaped lysarden, also known as the lizard or tenor model
Word of the week: One of several words for the Renaissance and Baroque period tenor cornett or cornetto, also known as the lizard, lyzard, lizarden, or lyzarden due to its s-curved shape, it has a distinctive horn-like foggy sound and is frequently played in ensemble alongside trombones
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An 18th-century Bohemian nail violin
Word of the week: Invented in 1740 by German violinist Johann Wilde, this strangely beautiful sounding idiophone instrument consists of a semicircular wooden soundboard with vertical iron or brass nails that are then bowed to create a chromatic or diatonic scale
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The five-string quinton has a tuning of C-G-D-A-E.
Word of the week: Better known as a place or male name, this is also a five-string hybrid of violin and treble viol, popular in mid 18th-century France, used as the fifth voice (quinta vox) in ensembles, and created as a rival to the Italian violin with a greater range
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The ryuteki - dragon flute
Word of the week: Literally meaning ‘dragon flute’, the ryūteki (龍笛) is pure and beautiful sounding traditional Japanese bamboo flute (or ‘fue’) designed to evoke the mythical creature, used in Shinto classical music gagaku, associated with Japan's imperial court
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Varieties of bamboo and other sheng
Word of the week: A traditional Chinese instrument, representing natural harmony and life from the ground (made originally from bamboo), dating back at least 3,000 years, it could be described as a complex form of mouth organ played by breathing in and out, with a free reed, finger holes, mouthpiece and vertical pipes
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Necking it: the baroque theorbo, known to some as the giraffe of the lute world
Word of the week: Designed to emanate the music of the spheres, for opera, and also allow improvisation, this Baroque-era member of the lute family has has a hugely extended neck, second pegbox, large volume with ornate sound holes, and wide range with harmonic options
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The viola d’amore
Word of the week: It’s a particularly ornate member of the baroque-period viol family, distinguished by six or seven strings with matching sympathetic vibrating lower strings and an intricately carved head often featuring Cupid blindfolded to represent the travails of love
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Ethereal and otherworldly: the waterphone
Word of the week: Resonant, expressive, and eerily strange, this inharmonic idiophone instrument invented by Richard Waters in 1967 consists of a stainless steel resonator bowl or pan with a cylindrical neck and bronze rods, played by hand, with soft mallets or a bow
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Typical wooden zurna
Word of the week: You will know it as soon as heard. With it distinctively high, reedy, resonant and evocative sound, this short folk, conical-shaped oboe of Arab origins can be heard from Turkey across south-east Europe and parts of Asia made of wood with a double reed
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